1-phase vs 3-phase charging & 16A vs 32A

The Development of EV Charging

Electric vehicle charging has rapidly evolved in Europe over the last two decades. In the early days, charging was limited to basic household sockets (Schuko), often delivering no more than 2.3 kW. This made charging times long and impractical for daily use. The introduction of dedicated EV connectors — Type 1 for early imports from Japan and the USA, and Type 2 for European standards — marked a turning point. Type 2, also known as Mennekes, quickly became the European standard thanks to its ability to handle both 1-phase and 3-phase power.

Public charging infrastructure expanded in parallel. Where households typically relied on 1-phase 230V connections, public stations were equipped with 3-phase 400V power, enabling much faster charging. European safety certifications such as CE, TÜV, and IEC standards set the foundation for safe, reliable, and future-proof charging. Today, EV drivers benefit from a wide network of charging stations, supported by robust European regulations and standardized cables.

1-Phase vs 3-Phase Charging Explained

The difference between 1-phase and 3-phase charging lies in how electricity is delivered. A 1-phase connection uses a single alternating current at 230V, while 3-phase charging distributes power across three conductors at 400V.

1-phase (230V): Delivers power through one conductor. Common in households. Typical capacity: 3.7 kW (16A) up to 7.4 kW (32A).
3-phase (400V): Delivers power through three conductors simultaneously. Common in public and business installations. Typical capacity: 11 kW (16A) up to 22 kW (32A).

Advantages of 1-phase: simpler installation, sufficient for smaller batteries or plug-in hybrids.
Advantages of 3-phase: much faster charging, better suited for full EVs with larger batteries, and more future-proof.

The key takeaway: 3-phase charging at 32A (22 kW) can deliver up to six times more power than 1-phase charging at 16A (3.7 kW), reducing charging times dramatically.

Understanding Amperage in EV Charging

Amperage (A) refers to the flow of electric current. In EV charging, it determines how much electricity can pass through the cable per second. The higher the amperage, the more power can be delivered — but always in combination with voltage. The formula is simple:

Power (kW) = Voltage (V) × Current (A) ÷ 1000

230V × 16A = 3.7 kW
230V × 32A = 7.4 kW
400V × 16A (3-phase) = 11 kW
400V × 32A (3-phase) = 22 kW

European household sockets are usually limited to 16A, while dedicated EV charging points can deliver up to 32A safely. Importantly, the EV itself must support the amperage and phase count — a car with a 7.4 kW onboard charger will not benefit from a 22 kW station.

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16A vs 32A Charging: Pros and Cons

16A Charging

Output: 3.7 kW (1-phase) or 11 kW (3-phase)
Pros: Compatible with most household circuits, lower installation costs, safer for older electrical systems.
Cons: Slower charging, especially on 1-phase (often requiring overnight sessions).

32A Charging

Output: 7.4 kW (1-phase) or 22 kW (3-phase)
Pros: Much faster charging times, ideal for large EV batteries, best choice for future-proofing. Crucially, a 32A charging cable can always be used at lower currents, such as 16A, without any issue. The EV and charging station automatically regulate the current, so the cable simply adapts to the available power. This means a 32A cable provides maximum flexibility — it can be used safely on both 16A and 32A charge points.
Cons: Requires stronger wiring, higher installation costs, may not be supported by all home electrical systems.

👉 Key insight: A 32A cable doesn’t force your car to charge at 32A — it only allows it. If the station or the vehicle limits charging to 16A, the cable automatically follows.

Choosing the Right Charging Setup for Your EV

When deciding between 1-phase vs 3-phase and 16A vs 32A, the main factor is your car’s onboard charger capacity. Many EVs support 11 kW (3-phase, 16A), while premium models allow 22 kW (3-phase, 32A). Plug-in hybrids often only accept 1-phase 3.7 kW or 7.4 kW charging.

Homeowners should check their electrical installation. Upgrading from 1-phase to 3-phase often requires a grid operator adjustment. For most daily driving, 11 kW (3-phase, 16A) is sufficient, while 22 kW is ideal for those who demand maximum speed.

Equally important are the charging cables. High-quality, certified European-made cables such as those from Voldt® guarantee safety, weather resistance, and full compliance with CE, UKCA, and TÜV standards. A durable cable ensures efficient power delivery whether you’re charging at home, work, or public stations.

Conclusion

The choice between 1-phase and 3-phase, 16A or 32A, depends on both your vehicle and your charging environment. For most European EV drivers, a 3-phase 16A (11 kW) setup strikes the right balance between speed and practicality. Those who drive long distances daily or want maximum flexibility may prefer 22 kW (3-phase, 32A).

And when it comes to cables, one fact stands out: a 32A charging cable is always the most flexible option. It can safely be used on both 16A and 32A charge points, ensuring compatibility with virtually any EV charging situation.

With certified, weather-resistant charging cables from Voldt®, you can rely on safe, durable, and future-proof charging solutions — made in Europe, built without compromise.